[
{"id":"fcc-24-211","jurisdiction":"United States (federal)","rule":"FCC NPRM: Disclosure and Transparency of AI-Generated Content in Political Ads (MB Docket 24-211)","applies_to":"Broadcast radio/TV and certain cable/satellite political ads: on-air AI disclosure + political-file notice","status":"Proposed – no final rule","effective":"n/a","last_checked":"2026-10-22","notes":"NPRM adopted 2024. As of Oct 2026 the docket is open but the FCC has not acted (Radio World, Oct 8, 2026).","sources":[{"title":"FCC NPRM announcement","url":"https://www.fcc.gov/document/fcc-proposes-disclosure-rules-use-ai-political-ads","date":"2024-07"},{"title":"NPRM text (FCC 24-74)","url":"https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/FCC-24-74A1.pdf","date":"2024"},{"title":"Radio World (Skall)","url":"https://www.radioworld.com/columns-and-views/gregg-skall/special-report-californias-ai-warning-to-broadcasters","date":"2026-10-08"}]},
{"id":"eo-14365","jurisdiction":"United States (federal)","rule":"Executive Order 14365 – Ensuring a National Policy Framework for AI","applies_to":"Directs federal agencies/DOJ to challenge state AI laws; does not itself preempt them","status":"In effect (directive)","effective":"2025-12-11","last_checked":"2026-10-22","notes":"State laws remain enforceable unless a court or Congress preempts them.","sources":[{"title":"Federal Register","url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/12/16/2025-23092/ensuring-a-national-policy-framework-for-artificial-intelligence","date":"2025-12-16"}]},
{"id":"ca-ab2355","jurisdiction":"California","rule":"AB 2355 (Gov. Code §84514) – AI disclosure in political ads","applies_to":"Political committees creating/distributing qualifying ads; radio ads need a spoken disclosure: 'Ad generated or substantially altered using artificial intelligence.'","status":"In effect","effective":"2025-01-01","last_checked":"2026-10-22","notes":"Obligation is primarily on the committee, not the station.","sources":[{"title":"Gov. Code §84514","url":"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=GOV&sectionNum=84514.","date":""},{"title":"AB 2355 bill text","url":"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240AB2355","date":"2024"},{"title":"Radio World (Skall)","url":"https://www.radioworld.com/columns-and-views/gregg-skall/special-report-californias-ai-warning-to-broadcasters","date":"2026-10-08"}]},
{"id":"ca-caita","jurisdiction":"California","rule":"California AI Transparency Act (CAITA)","applies_to":"Large GenAI providers (>1M monthly users): detection tools and embedded provenance in AI audio/video; capture-device makers from 2028","status":"In effect","effective":"2026-08-02","last_checked":"2026-10-22","notes":"Most stations not directly covered; affects tools they use.","sources":[{"title":"Radio World (Skall)","url":"https://www.radioworld.com/columns-and-views/gregg-skall/special-report-californias-ai-warning-to-broadcasters","date":"2026-10-08"}]},
{"id":"ny-synthetic-performers","jurisdiction":"New York","rule":"Synthetic performer disclosure in advertising","applies_to":"Ad creators using computer-generated human performers; audio-only (radio & podcast) ads exempt","status":"Enacted","effective":"~2026-06 (180 days after Dec 2025 signing)","last_checked":"2026-10-22","notes":"Exact effective date computed from NYSBA summary; verify against statute.","sources":[{"title":"NY State Broadcasters Assn.","url":"https://www.nysbroadcasters.org/post/governor-hochul-signs-synthetic-performers-ai-legislation-into-law-with-broadcast-protections","date":"2025-12-15"}]},
{"id":"vt-act75","jurisdiction":"Vermont","rule":"Act 75 (S.23) – Deceptive and fraudulent synthetic media in elections (17 V.S.A. §2032)","applies_to":"Synthetic media within 90 days of an election; broadcasters exempt for paid political ads, federally required candidate ads, qualifying news","status":"In effect","effective":"2026-03-05","last_checked":"2026-10-22","notes":"","sources":[{"title":"Vermont Legislature – S.23 status","url":"http://legislature.vermont.gov/bill/status/2026/S.23","date":"2026"},{"title":"Vermont Assn. of Broadcasters","url":"https://vermontbroadcasters.org/political-advertising-refresher-pb-19-forms-vermonts-new-synthetic-media-disclosure-law/","date":"2026"}]},
{"id":"tn-hb1513","jurisdiction":"Tennessee","rule":"Transparency for Deepfakes in Elections (HB1513)","applies_to":"Election deepfakes; exempts broadcasters/carriers not responsible for the content","status":"In effect (per search summary)","effective":"2026-07-01","last_checked":"2026-10-22","notes":"UNVERIFIED effective date – confirm against enacted text.","sources":[{"title":"Bill text (HB1513)","url":"https://capitol.tn.gov/Bills/114/Bill/HB1513.pdf","date":""}]},
{"id":"mt-13-35-802","jurisdiction":"Montana","rule":"MCA 13-35-802 – Deepfakes in election communications: disclosure","applies_to":"Election communications; exemptions for paid broadcasters and federally required candidate ads, news","status":"In effect","effective":"See statute","last_checked":"2026-10-22","notes":"","sources":[{"title":"Montana Code Annotated","url":"https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0130/chapter_0350/part_0080/section_0020/0130-0350-0080-0020.html","date":""}]},
{"id":"mi-deepfake","jurisdiction":"Michigan","rule":"Election deepfake disclosure law (2023)","applies_to":"Materially deceptive media within 90 days of an election must disclose manipulation","status":"In effect","effective":"2023 (enacted)","last_checked":"2026-10-22","notes":"","sources":[{"title":"NCSL: AI in elections","url":"https://www.ncsl.org/elections-and-campaigns/artificial-intelligence-ai-in-elections-and-campaigns","date":""}]},
{"id":"mn-deepfake","jurisdiction":"Minnesota","rule":"Election deepfake prohibition (2023, amended 2024)","applies_to":"Prohibits nonconsensual election deepfakes within a pre-election window","status":"In effect","effective":"2023 (enacted)","last_checked":"2026-10-22","notes":"Prohibition rather than disclosure.","sources":[{"title":"NCSL: AI in elections","url":"https://www.ncsl.org/elections-and-campaigns/artificial-intelligence-ai-in-elections-and-campaigns","date":""},{"title":"Broadcast Law Blog","url":"https://www.broadcastlawblog.com/2026/03/articles/ai-in-political-attack-ads-watch-state-laws-on-deep-fakes-and-synthetic-media-in-political-content/","date":"2026-03-20"}]},
{"id":"tx-sb751","jurisdiction":"Texas","rule":"SB 751 (2019) – deepfake videos in elections","applies_to":"Deceptive deepfake videos within 30 days of an election (video-focused)","status":"In effect","effective":"2019-09-01","last_checked":"2026-10-22","notes":"Video-only by its terms; limited radio relevance.","sources":[{"title":"Texas bill analysis","url":"https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/86R/analysis/html/SB00751F.htm","date":"2019"}]},
{"id":"us-states-overview","jurisdiction":"US states (overview)","rule":"Patchwork: ~31 states regulate deepfakes in political communications","applies_to":"Mostly disclosure duties on ad creators; many exempt broadcasters bound by no-censorship rules, but not all","status":"Varies by state","effective":"Varies","last_checked":"2026-10-22","notes":"Use the trackers for state-by-state detail; this site lists only states verified so far.","sources":[{"title":"Public Citizen tracker","url":"https://www.citizen.org/article/tracker-legislation-on-deepfakes-in-elections/","date":""},{"title":"NCSL","url":"https://www.ncsl.org/elections-and-campaigns/artificial-intelligence-ai-in-elections-and-campaigns","date":""},{"title":"Broadcast Law Blog","url":"https://www.broadcastlawblog.com/2026/03/articles/ai-in-political-attack-ads-watch-state-laws-on-deep-fakes-and-synthetic-media-in-political-content/","date":"2026-03-20"}]},
{"id":"au-cra-code","jurisdiction":"Australia","rule":"Commercial Radio Code of Practice 2026 – AI synthetic-voice host disclosure","applies_to":"Commercial radio licensees: disclose when a regularly scheduled program or news program is hosted by an AI synthetic voice (on air, website/social, or other method)","status":"In effect","effective":"2026-07-01","last_checked":"2026-10-22","notes":"Registered by ACMA Feb 10, 2026. Does not cover AI in weather, traffic, music or ads.","sources":[{"title":"ACMA: AI disclosure required","url":"https://www.acma.gov.au/articles/2026-02/ai-disclosure-required-under-new-commercial-radio-rules","date":"2026-02"},{"title":"ACMA: new code now in effect","url":"https://www.acma.gov.au/articles/2026-06/new-commercial-radio-code-now-effect","date":"2026-06"},{"title":"CRA Code (PDF)","url":"https://cra.au/hubfs/Legal/Commercial%20Radio%20Code%20of%20Practice%20-%201%20July%202026.pdf","date":"2026-07-01"}]},
{"id":"eu-ai-act-50","jurisdiction":"European Union","rule":"AI Act Article 50 – transparency obligations","applies_to":"Deployers must disclose deepfake audio/video; providers must mark synthetic output machine-readably","status":"In effect","effective":"2026-08-02","last_checked":"2026-10-22","notes":"Grace period to Dec 2, 2026 for Art. 50(2) marking on systems already on the market (per Digital Omnibus).","sources":[{"title":"European Commission FAQ","url":"https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/faqs/transparency-obligations-under-article-50-ai-act","date":""},{"title":"Morgan Lewis","url":"https://www.morganlewis.com/blogs/sourcingatmorganlewis/2026/08/eu-ai-acts-transparency-rules-what-went-into-effect-on-2-august","date":"2026-08"}]},
{"id":"uk-ofcom","jurisdiction":"United Kingdom","rule":"Ofcom Broadcasting Code + Note to Broadcasters on synthetic media","applies_to":"Licensed broadcasters: synthetic media must meet existing harm, accuracy, fairness and privacy rules","status":"Guidance – no AI-specific disclosure rule","effective":"2023 (note)","last_checked":"2026-10-22","notes":"No dedicated AI-presenter disclosure rule found.","sources":[{"title":"Ofcom note to broadcasters (2023)","url":"https://www.ofcom.org.uk/siteassets/resources/documents/about-ofcom/bulletins/broadcast-bulletins/2023/issue-471/note-to-broadcasters-synthetic-media-including-deepfakes-.pdf?v=329464","date":"2023"},{"title":"Ofcom Broadcasting Code","url":"https://www.ofcom.org.uk/tv-radio-and-on-demand/broadcast-standards/broadcast-code","date":""}]},
{"id":"iheart-guaranteed-human","jurisdiction":"Industry (iHeartMedia)","rule":"'Guaranteed Human' pledge (voluntary company policy)","applies_to":"iHeart audio: no AI-generated on-air personalities, synthetic music or AI-created podcasts; AI allowed for back-office","status":"Voluntary – in effect","effective":"2025-11-24","last_checked":"2026-10-22","notes":"Not a law; listed for context.","sources":[{"title":"Radio Ink","url":"https://radioink.com/2025/12/01/iheartmedia-draws-industry-line-against-ai-voices-with-new-policy/","date":"2025-12-01"},{"title":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2025-11-25/iheartradio-ai-djs-guaranteed-human-what-it-means","date":"2025-11-25"}]}
]